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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements31 December 2024ESR Group Limited Annual Report 2024165STRATEGIC REPORTSCORPORATE GOVERNANCEFINANCIAL STATEMENTS3.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENT AND ESTIMATES (continued)Estimation uncertainty (continued)Fair value of financial instrumentsIf the market for a financial instrument is not active, the Group estimates fair value by using a valuation technique. Valuation techniques include using recent prices in arm%u2019s length market transactions between knowledgeable and willing parties, if available, with reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, or discounted cash flow analyses and option pricing models. To the extent practicable, valuation technique makes the maximum use of market inputs. However, where market inputs are not available, management needs to make estimates on such unobservable market inputs.Deferred tax assetsDeferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilised. Significant management judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognised, based upon the likely timing and level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies.Impairment of non-financial assets (other than goodwill)The Group assesses whether there are any indicators of impairment for all non-financial assets at 31 December 2024. Other intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment annually and at other times when such an indicator exists. Other non-financial assets are tested for impairment when there are indicators that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. An impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or a cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The calculation of the fair value less costs of disposal is based on available data from binding sales transactions in an arm%u2019s length transaction of similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. When value-in-use calculations are undertaken, management must estimate the expected future cash flows from the asset or cash-generating unit and choose a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows.